Picture this: it’s a scorching summer day in the U.S. You wake up in a cool, comfortable room after a solid night’s sleep. You head to work, where the temperature is optimised for concentration. Unless you step outside for a lunchtime walk, you’re completely protected from the heat.

Now picture the same scenario in an average European city. You wake up after a night of tossing and turning. You’re sticky, uncomfortable, and already dreading the commute. Jammed on a crowded train, you suffer through a heavy delay as your city’s transport infrastructure struggles in the face of extreme temperatures. If you’re working from home, the only relief comes from a fan slowly circulating warm air around the room.

The fundamental difference between these two realities? Air conditioning.